Checkers

 Checkers is type of Toys and Games . It has a long history . Another name of checkers such as draughts ,English draughts , American checkers , straight checkers , or checkers.Checkers is board game.
  Alquerque is the old name of checkers. French played Alquerque on chess board in 12 th century . Later , Alquerque has a new rule that made the game interesting and popular.
  Checkers is played with two player . An 8 x 8 chess board was played in game . Each player has 12 pieces on own side . Player can moved forward or move over the opposite side's piece. How to win the game ,Player must capture all of opposite player's pieces .
  In other country ,There are various board sizes such as  10 x 10 board size in International draughts ,  12 x 12 board size in Canadian checkers , etc
  There is the international sport body uniting national draughts federations ,called World Draughts Federation or FMJD. It's members are in Asia ( 7 federations ) , Africa (13 federations ) , America ( 15 federations or associations ) , Asia ( 7 federations )  , Europe ( 24  federations or organizations ), Oceania ( 1 federation ) .
   Main target of FMJD is for controlling and regulation the competition . FMJD was established in 1947 by four countries such as France , Belgium , Switzerland , the Netherlands .Later ,There were championships of woman in 1973 , girls in 1989 ,cadets in 1988 , juniors in 1971 .
   There are programs ,freeware ,for playing checkers such as Dam2.2 , Dragon , Buggy,etc.
   Other program online such as http://www.vogclub.com/
    

   Reference
   1.http://www.fmjd.org/
   2.http://www.wmsg-draughts.org/
   3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughts

Chess

chess

     Chess is one type of Toys & Games . It was played for a long time  in old India . It's old name is chatrang or shatranj . Later chess was spread to Western Europe , Russia ,France ,finally all Europe. In extension time period of chess , Chess has improved it's rule , status and power of pieces, etc. Many chess clubs were established all over Europe . And there were chess contests in each country in Europe. The first chess tournament was held in 1851,in London . The World Chess Federation  , FIDE ,was established in 1924 in Paris . Chess was so popular in Paris at those time . The title of World Chess Championship originate in 1886. Wilhelm Steinitz  was the first world chess championship .
     FIDE  is international chess organization . It's target  is developing chess and giving knowledge in every country all the world . There are six presidents from beginning to now. At present Kirsan Ilyumzhinov is FIDE president .
     There are four title and ranking .  such as Grandmaster (  having  the most score in contest ) , International master ( > 2,400 score ) , FIDE master ( > 2,300 score ), Candidate master ( > 2,200 score ).
     We categorize type of chess by use control time as detail
        - Bullet chess . 1-2 minutes per side.
        - Blitz chess ,  3-5 minutes per side .
        - Quick chess ,Rapid chess .  15-60  minutes in each game.
     Chess help player improve intelligent skill , mental skill , and social skill. In game, player must be patient, self-control, observing , risk assessment of moving , etc . All activities help player improve mental skills . Player must plan moving in each chess pieces , assess loss or gain in each moving , use more concentration and perception . these activities help player improve intelligent skills.
      Deep Blue was first chess-playing computer in the world .it's calculating ability was more effective . IBM developed Deep Blue to compete with world champion . Deep blue win world champion , Garry Kasparov, in 1977. 




  Reference
  1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess
  2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE
    

Legos Sets

  Legos company was built about in 1934 by carpenter Oie Kirk Christiansen,In Denmark.Original product was wooden material . Later He has expanded his business over the world, England , Germany , U.S ,etc. And improving and developing product method by using technology tools.Lego company change to use plastic for lego porduct. Millions of lego piece was sold over the world
   Lego company have built first amusement-themed park Legoland in Billund, Denmark . Later , Lego company built  3 Legoland in other country  as detailed
                 - Legoland in windsor, England
                 - Legoland in California , U.S.A
                 - Legoland in Germany
   Each year millions of adults with their child visited in 4 Legoland . There are variety of theme in each Legoland , such as  a pirate theme, a castle theme , Miniland , Land of Adventure, etc. Each theme have impressed to visitors. Some Legoland have  a hotel for visitor .There are stores and shopping shop for visitor to buy lego product or sourvenior.
   Lego product have a lot of product theme , such as pirate lego, space lego, town lego, star war lego, Harry porter lego, adventrees lego , lego toy story , lego atlantic , Batman lego ,etc
 
   Reference
1.http://www.legoland.com/
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego
3.http://valuedone.wordpress.com/
www.valuedone.wordpress.com
 

Puzzle

           puzzles
     
            One type of Toys and Games is puzzle such as jigsaw , rubik's cube , crossword , sudoku , etc , All of these toys & games help human improve their mental skill , intelligent skill,etc. They are  useful to players although player must use time for play.
            Responsibilities of players are problem solving of puzzle.Player need to use their skill . Some puzzles are easy and some are difficult. In solving process player use mathematics and geometry ,too. Today newspapers like to add content and income by printing puzzle competitions.
            John Spilsbury , British engraver and mapmaker, invented the first jigsaw puzzle in 1760 . First jigsaw was made of wood . Later it was popular and spread all around world. There are many famous  puzzle authors such as Henry Dudeney , Boris Kordemsky ,etc.
            Rubik's cube  is one type of puzzle in toys & games . The first Rubik's cube was made in 1975. Like jigsaw puzzle , It was popular . 350 cubes have been sold  early 2009.
            We can categorize as below
            - tour puzzles
            - construction puzzles
            - folding puzzles
            - mechanic puzzles
            - meta- puzzles
            - etc
         Because of popularity of puzzle , there are organization about puzzle such as World Puzzle Championship , International Puzzle Party , National Puzzlers' League .
         World Puzzle Championship was established in 1992 for first time. World Puzzle Championship is annual international puzzle contest . List of puzzles are sudoku, number link , hitori , filiomino , nonogram ,etc. From beginning to 2009 there are 18 world puzzle championships .
         National Puzzlers' League is the oldest puzzle organization . It was established in 1883. NPL is a nonprofit organization . At Beginning there are only two puzzles , word play and word games .
         There is the National Puzzle Day in U.S. , too . It is 29th January in each year .In this day puzzle addict will celebrate in many method  such as solve extra puzzle , invite friends to play puzzle , help kid or beginner solve easy puzzles, play a scrabble , built a jigsaw puzzle,  etc.
        
         
        


    Reference
   1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube.
   2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle
   3.http://www.puzzles.com/PuzzleClub/CoolNews/NationalPuzzleDay2009.htm          
   4.http://www.ehow.com/how_2020201_national-puzzle-day.html